MMP
In this class, we consider normal varities over $\mathbb{C}$.
Intro
Our goal is to classify algebraic varieties up to birational equivalence, then describe their moduli if exists.
For $\dim 1$ case, i.e. for integral curves, clearly we can choose the normalization of the curve to be the primitive in the birational class, which is a smooth projective varity. Then we construct the moduli space $M_g$ of smooth curves of genus $g$.
The motivation of MMP comes from $\dim 2$ case, that is normal (quasi-)projective surfaces.
- By Hironaka’s resolution theorem, for each surface $S$, there is a birational projective morphism $S’\to S$ from a smooth projective surface $S’$.
- By Castnonval’s theorem, one can blow-down $(-1)$-curves on $S’$, and get another smooth surface.
- There are two results:
- Mori fibre spaces;
- $K_S$ nef, called minimal surface.
In higher dimensional cases, we have Cone Theorem and Contraction Theorem, therefore we can do the similar contractions.
- Let $X$ be an irreducible reduced algebraic variety and $\mathcal{I} \subset \mathcal{O}_X$ a coherent sheaf of ideals defining a closed subscheme $Z$. Then there is a smooth variety $Y$ and a projective morphism $f: Y\to X$ such that
- $f$ is an isomorphism over $X \setminus (\mathrm{Sing},(X) \cup \mathrm{Supp},Z)$;
- $f^*\mathcal{I}_Z \subset \mathcal{O}_Y$ is an invertible sheaf $\mathcal{O}_Y(-D)$;
- $\mathrm{Ex},(f) \cup D$ is an snc divisor.
- Cone theorem and Contraction theorem
However, there are difficulties:
- For a contraction $f:X\to Y$, even $X$ is smooth, $Y$ may not be smooth but with singularities;
- Small contraction;
- Termination of the program.
Solution to the difficulties:
- Consider terminal varities. Furthermore, lc pairs;
- filps
- only partially solved: MMP with scaling for certain pairs (BCHM)
pairs
Divisors
- A prime Weil divisor or simply a prime divisor $D \subset X$ on $X$ is an integral subscheme in $X$ with codimension $1$.
- A Weil divisor $\sum_id_iD_i$ is a $\mathbb{Z}$-linear combination of prime divisors $D_i$. It is effective if $d_i \geq 0$
- $\mathcal{O}_X(D)={f\in K(X): \mathrm{div}(f)+D\geq 0}$
- A Cartier is a Weil divisor with invertible ideal sheaf.
Two generalization:
- $\mathbb{R}$-coefficients
- relative version
Intersection
KM98 prop 1.36 1.35; JK 1.4.3 etc
Definition of $\overline{\mathrm{NE}}(X)$
Properties of Divisors
cohomology
TODO: definitions of ample, nef, big;
TODO: criterion for ampleness etc
TODO: kodaira lemma etc
Cone of divisors
cones of divisors
relative case