set root=(hd0,gpt2)
insmod normal
normalcopy

grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/efi  --bootloader-id=ARCHcopy

grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfgcopy

# 1. ls - 列出设备和分区
ls                    # 列出所有设备
ls (hd0)             # 查看第一块磁盘
ls (hd0,1)           # 查看第一块磁盘的第一个分区
ls (hd0,gpt1)/       # 查看分区内容

# 2. set - 查看/设置环境变量
set                   # 查看所有变量
set root=(hd0,1)     # 设置根设备
set prefix=(hd0,1)/boot/grubcopy

# 3. insmod - 加载模块
insmod normal        # 加载 normal 模块
insmod linux         # 加载 Linux 引导模块
insmod chain         # 加载链式引导模块
insmod part_msdos    # MBR 分区支持
insmod part_gpt      # GPT 分区支持
insmod ext2          # ext2/3/4 支持
insmod btrfs         # Btrfs 支持
insmod ntfs          # NTFS 支持
insmod fat           # FAT/FAT32 支持
insmod xfs           # XFS 支持
insmod configfile    # 配置文件支持

# 4. lsmod - 列出已加载模块
lsmodcopy

# 5. normal - 进入正常模式
normal              # 如果加载了 normal 模块

# 6. boot - 启动系统
boot               # 启动已加载的系统

# 7. linux/initrd - 手动引导 Linux
linux (hd0,2)/vmlinuz-linux root=/dev/sda3
initrd (hd0,2)/initramfs-linux.img
bootcopy

# 查看所有存储设备
ls

# 典型输出示例：
# (hd0) (hd0,msdos1) (hd0,msdos2) (hd0,msdos3)
# 或者 UEFI/GPT：
# (hd0) (hd0,gpt1) (hd0,gpt2) (hd0,gpt3)

# 探查每个分区的内容
ls (hd0,1)/
ls (hd0,2)/
ls (hd0,3)/copy

# 查找 Linux 分区特征
ls (hdX,gptY)/boot/          # 查找 /boot 目录
ls (hdX,gptY)/etc/           # 查找 /etc 目录
ls (hdX,gptY)/usr/           # 查找 /usr 目录

# 查找 GRUB 文件
ls (hdX,gptY)/boot/grub/     # GRUB 目录
ls (hdX,gptY)/grub/          # 独立 /boot 分区

# 查找 Windows 分区特征
ls (hdX,msdos1)/Windows/     # Windows 系统目录
ls (hdX,msdos1)/Users/       # Windows 用户目录copy

# 先加载文件系统模块再查看
insmod ext2
ls (hd0,1)/

insmod btrfs
ls (hd0,2)/           # 可能看到 @, @home 等子卷

insmod ntfs
ls (hd0,3)/           # Windows 分区

insmod fat
ls (hd0,gpt1)/        # EFI 系统分区copy

set prefix=(hd0,gpt2)/boot/grub
set root=(hd0,gpt2)
insmod normal
normalcopy

set prefix=(hd0,gpt3)/boot/grub
set root=(hd0,gpt3)
insmod normal
normalcopy

# 1. 找到内核和 initramfs
ls (hd0,gpt2)/boot/
# 应该看到 vmlinuz-linux 和 initramfs-linux.img

# 2. 加载必要模块
insmod part_gpt
insmod ext2
insmod gzio
insmod xzio
insmod lzopio

# 3. 设置根设备
set root=(hd0,gpt2)

# 4. 加载内核和 initramfs
linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux root=/dev/sda2 rw
# 或者使用 UUID
linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux root=UUID=xxxx-xxxx rw

initrd /boot/initramfs-linux.img

# 5. 启动
bootcopy

insmod part_gpt
insmod fat
ls (hd0,gpt1)/EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi
chainloader /EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi
bootcopy

# 进入 GRUB 时按 ESC 或 C
# 或者从 rescue 模式
set debug=all
# 查看详细的调试信息copy

set
# 重要变量：
# prefix - GRUB 文件路径
# root - 根设备
# cmdpath - GRUB 镜像路径
# debug - 调试级别copy

# 加载对应的文件系统模块
insmod ext2    # 对于 ext2/3/4
insmod btrfs   # 对于 Btrfs
insmod xfs     # 对于 XFS
insmod fat     # 对于 FAT/EFI 分区
insmod ntfs    # 对于 NTFScopy

# 清除已加载的模块
rmmod 模块名

# 按需加载最小模块集
insmod part_gpt
insmod ext2
insmod linuxcopy

# 创建一个 GRUB 救援 USB
dd if=/usr/lib/grub/i386-pc/boot.img of=/dev/sdX bs=446 count=1

# 或者使用更完整的方法
grub-install --target=i386-pc --boot-directory=/mnt/usb/boot /dev/sdXcopy

# 使用 UUID 而不是设备名（更稳定）
GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID=false

# 启用 OS 探测
GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER=false

# 设置备用引导路径
GRUB_BACKUP_PATHS="/boot/grub /grub"

# 预加载必要模块
GRUB_PRELOAD_MODULES="part_gpt part_msdos ext2 btrfs xfs fat ntfs"copy

# 需要额外模块
insmod zfs
set root=ZFS=poolname/datasetcopy

insmod lvm
ls (lvm/volume_group-logical_volume)/copy

# 需要先解密
cryptomount (hd0,gpt2)
set root=(crypto0)copy

bash <(curl -sSL https://linuxmirrors.cn/main.sh)copy

bash <(curl -sSL https://linuxmirrors.cn/docker.sh)copy

bash <(curl -sSL https://linuxmirrors.cn/docker.sh) --only-registrycopy

type somethingcopy

type cd

cd is a shell builtincopy

  Change attributes of files or directories.
  More information: <https://manned.org/chattr>.

  Make a file or directory [i]mmutable to changes and deletion, even by superuser:

      chattr +i path/to/file_or_directory

  Make a file or directory mutable:

      chattr -i path/to/file_or_directory

  [R]ecursively make an entire directory and contents immutable:

      chattr -R +i path/to/directory

  Mark a directory and its files to be interpreted in a case-insensitive manner (case-[F]olding):

      chattr +F path/to/directory

  Set a file to only allow [a]ppending:

      chattr +a path/to/filecopy

/
└── usr
    ├── bin
    ├── include
    ├── lib
    ├── sbin
    ├── share
    └── srccopy

├── bin # binary
├── lib # library
├── include # C header
├── games   # games
├── opt # opt
├── share   # data that share with other
└── src     # sourcescopy

/
├── boot
├── etc # configraturation
├── dev
├── media
├── mnt
├── proc
├── run
├── srv
├── sys
└── tmpcopy

/
├── bin ⇒ usr/bin
├── boot
├── dev
├── etc
├── home
├── lib ⇒ usr/lib
├── lib64 ⇒ usr/lib
├── mnt
├── opt
├── proc
├── root
├── run
├── sbin ⇒ usr/bin
├── srv
├── sys
├── tmp
├── usr
└── varcopy

/
└── opt
    ├── waterfox
    ├── wechat-universal
    └── wemeetcopy

/
└── usr
    └── share
        ├── alsa
        ├── applications
        ├── awk
        ├── blueman
        ├── mime
        ├── nvim
        ├── wayland
        ├── wayland-sessions
        ├── X11
        └── zshcopy

/
└── usr
    └── local
        ├── bin
        ├── etc
        ├── games
        ├── include
        ├── lib
        ├── man
        ├── sbin
        ├── share
        └── srccopy

/
└── var
    ├── cache
    ├── db
    ├── empty
    ├── games
    ├── lib
    ├── local
    ├── lock ⇒ ../run/lock
    ├── log
    ├── mail ⇒ spool/mail
    ├── opt
    ├── run ⇒ ../run
    ├── spool
    └── tmpcopy

/
├── boot
│   ├── efi
│   ├── grub
│   ├── initramfs-linux.img
│   └── vmlinuz-linux
├── dev
│   ├── disk
│   ├── null
│   ├── random
│   └── zero
├── mnt
├── proc
│   ├── 1
│   ├── uptime
│   └── zoneinfo
├── run
│   ├── dhcpcd
│   ├── initramfs
│   ├── media # This is different
│   ├── libvirt
│   ├── systemd
│   └── xtables.lock
├── srv
│   ├── ftp
│   └── http
├── sys
│   ├── kernel
│   └── power
└── tmpcopy

/
├── home
│   └── user
│       ├── Desktop
│       ├── Documents
│       ├── Downloads
│       ├── Music
│       ├── Pictures
│       ├── Public
│       ├── Templates
│       └── Videos
└── root
    ├── Desktop
    ├── Documents
    ├── Downloads
    ├── Music
    ├── Pictures
    ├── Public
    ├── Templates
    └── Videoscopy

pacman -Qqe | fzf --preview 'pacman -Qiil {}' --layout=reverse --bind 'enter:execute(pacman -Qiil {} | less)'copy

pacman -Slq | fzf --preview 'pacman -Si {}' --layout=reversecopy

pacman -D --asdeps $(pacman -Qqe)copy

pacman -D --asexplicit base linux linux-firmwarecopy

cat explicit | sudo pacman -D --asexplicit -copy

pacman -Qii | awk '/^MODIFIED/ {print $2}'copy

pacman -Qi | awk '/^Name/{name=$3} /^Install Date/{print $4,$5,$6,name}' | sortcopy

SYNOPSIS
       Usage: expac [options] <format> targets...

OPTIONS
       -Q, --query
           Search  the local database for provided targets. This is the default
           behavior.

       -S, --sync
           Search the sync databases for provided targets.

       -s, --search
           Search for packages matching the strings specified by targets.  This
           is a boolean AND query and regex is allowed.

       -g, --group
           Return packages matching the specified targets as package groups.

       --config <file>
           Read from file for alpm initialization instead of /etc/pacman.conf.

       -H, --humansize <size>
           Format  package  sizes  in SI units according to size. Valid options
           are:

             B, K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y

       -1, --readone
           Stop searching after the first result. This only has an effect on -S
           operations without -s.

       -d, --delim <string>
           Separate each package with the specified string. The  default  value
           is a newline character.

       -l, --listdelim <string>
           Separate  each  list  item  with the specified string. Lists are any
           interpreted sequence specified with a capital  letter.  The  default
           value is two spaces.

       -p, --file
           Interpret targets as paths to local files.

       -t, --timefmt <format>
           Output time described by the specified format. This string is passed
           directly to strftime(3). The default format is %c.

       -v, --verbose
           Output  more.  ‘Package  not  found' errors will be shown, and empty
           field values will display as 'None'.

       -V, --version
           Display version information and quit.

       -h, --help
           Display the help message and quit.

FORMATTING
       The format argument allows the following interpreted sequences:

         %a    architecture

         %B    backup files

         %b    build date

         %C    conflicts with (no version strings)

         %D    depends on

         %d    description

         %E    depends on (no version strings)

         %e    package base

         %f    filename (only with -S)

         %F    files (only with -Q)

         %g    base64 encoded PGP signature (only with -S)

         %G    groups

         %H    conflicts with

         %h    sha256sum

         %i    has install scriptlet (only with -Q)

         %k    download size (only with -S)

         %l    install date (only with -Q)

         %L    licenses

         %m    install size

         %M    modified backup files (only with -Q)

         %n    package name

         %N    required by

         %O    optional deps

         %o    optional deps (no descriptions)

         %p    packager name

         %P    provides

         %R    replaces (no version strings)

         %r    repo

         %s    md5sum

         %S    provides (no version strings)

         %T    replaces

         %u    project URL

         %V    package validation method

         %v    version

         %w    install reason (only with -Q)

         %!    result number (auto-incremented counter, starts at 0)

         %%    literal %

       Note that for any lowercase tokens aside from %m  and  %k,  full  printf
       support  is  allowed, e.g. %-20n. This does not apply to any list based,
       date, or numerical output.

       Standard backslash escape sequences are supported, as per printf(1).

EXAMPLES
       Emulate pacman's search function:

         $ expac -Ss '%r/%n %v\n    %d' <search terms>

       List the oldest 10 installed packages (by build date):

         $ expac --timefmt=%s '%b\t%n' | sort -n | head -10copy

  List the dependencies of a package:

      expac [-S|--sync] '%D' package

  List the optional dependencies of a package:

      expac [-S|--sync] "%o" package

  List the download size of packages in MiB:

      expac [-S|--sync] [-H|--humansize] M '%k\t%n' package1 package2 ...

  List packages marked for upgrade with their download size:

      expac [-S|--sync] [-H|--humansize] M '%k\t%n' $(pacman -Qqu) | sort [-sh|--sort --human-numeric-sort]

  List explicitly-installed packages with their optional dependencies:

      expac [-d|--delim] '\n\n' [-l|listdelim] '\n\t' [-Q|--query] '%n\n\t%O' $(pacman -Qeq)copy

expac -Q "%n %w %M" | grep explicit | awk '{print $3}' | grep -v ^$copy

groups=('modified')copy

IgnoreGroup = modifiedcopy

[Service]
ExecStart=
ExecStart=-/sbin/agetty -o '-p -- hiraeth' --noclear --skip-login - $TERMcopy

[Theme]
Current=chili

[Autologin]
User=hiraeth
Session=dwm.desktopcopy

groupadd -r nopasswdlogin
gpasswd -a username nopasswdlogincopy

#%PAM-1.0
auth        sufficient  pam_succeed_if.so user ingroup nopasswdlogin
auth        include     system-login
-auth       optional    pam_gnome_keyring.so
-auth       optional    pam_kwallet5.so

account     include     system-login

password    include     system-login
-password   optional    pam_gnome_keyring.so    use_authtok

session     optional    pam_keyinit.so          force revoke
session     include     system-login
-session    optional    pam_gnome_keyring.so    auto_start
-session    optional    pam_kwallet5.so         auto_startcopy

#%PAM-1.0
auth        required    pam_env.so
auth        required    pam_faillock.so preauth
auth        required    pam_shells.so
auth        required    pam_nologin.so
auth        required    pam_permit.so
-auth       optional    pam_gnome_keyring.so
-auth       optional    pam_kwallet5.so
account     include     system-local-login
password    include     system-local-login
session     include     system-local-login
-session    optional    pam_gnome_keyring.so auto_start
-session    optional    pam_kwallet5.so auto_startcopy

export ERRFILE="$XDG_CACHE_HOME/X11/xsession-errors"copy

#!/bin/bash --noprofile --norc
export MY_VARIABLE="value"
echo "Current PATH: $PATH"copy

chsh -s /path/to/shellcopy

chsh -s $(which zsh)copy

paru -S qemu-base # basic
paru -S libvirt # 虚拟机一些api的封装
virtual-manager # GUI
paru -S dnsmasq bridge-utils # netcopy

unix_sock_group = "libvirt"
unix_sock_rw_perms = "0770"copy

sudo usermod -a -G libvirt $(whoami)copy

sudo systemctl enable libvirtd.servicecopy

sudo virsh net-list --all
sudo virsh net-start --all
sudo virsh net-autostart defaultcopy

fc-list -f '%{file}\n' :lang=zhcopy

fc-match monospacecopy

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd">
<fontconfig>
<alias>
   <family>serif</family>
   <prefer>
     <family>LXGW Wenkai mono</family>
   </prefer>
 </alias>
<alias>
   <family>monospace</family>
   <prefer>
     <family>CodeNewRoman Nerd Font</family>
     <family>LXGW Wenkai mono</family>
   </prefer>
 </alias>
</fontconfig>copy

#!/bin/shcopy

#!/bin/bashcopy

:<<EOF
注释内容...
注释内容...
注释内容...
EOFcopy

: <<'COMMENT'
这是注释的部分。
可以有多行内容。
COMMENT

:<< '
注释内容...
注释内容...
注释内容...
'

:<<!
注释内容...
注释内容...
注释内容...
!copy

#!/bin/bash
# A simple variable example
greeting=Hello
name=Tux
echo $greeting $namecopy

my_string='Hello, World!my_string="Hello, World!"copy

RUNOOB="www.runoob.com"
LD_LIBRARY_PATH="/bin/"
_var="123"
var2="abc"copy

for file in \` ls / etc \`
for file in $ (ls / etc)copy

my_array=(1 2 3 4 5)copy

#!/bin/bash

myUrl="https://www.google.com"
readonly myUrl
myUrl="https://www.runoob.com"copy

unset variable_namecopy

my_string='Hello, World!'
my_string="Hello, World!"copy

your\_name = "runoob"
\# 使用双引号拼接
greeting = "hello, " $your\_name "!"
greeting\_1 = "hello, ${your\_name}!"
echo $greeting $greeting\_1

\# 使用单引号拼接
greeting\_2 = 'hello, ' $your\_name '!'
greeting\_3 = 'hello, ${your\_name}!'
echo $greeting\_2 $greeting\_3copy

hello, runoob ! hello, runoob !
hello, runoob ! hello, ${your_name} !copy

string = "abcd"
echo ${#string} \# 输出 4copy

数组名=(值1 值2 ... 值n)copy

array_name=(value0 value1 value2 value3)copy

array_name=(
value0
value1
value2
value3
)copy

array_name[0]=value0
array_name[1]=value1
array_name[n]=valuencopy

${数组名[下标]}copy

valuen=${array_name[n]}copy

echo ${array_name[@]}copy

\# 取得数组元素的个数
length = ${#array\_name\[@\]}
\# 或者
length = ${#array\_name\[\*\]}
\# 取得数组单个元素的长度
length = ${#array\_name\[n\]}copy

#!/bin/bash

for arg in "$*"; do
    echo "****:" $arg
done
echo --------------
for arg in "$@"; do
    echo "@@@@:" $arg
donecopy

$ ./testparams.sh This is a test
****: This is a test
--------------
@@@@: This
@@@@: is
@@@@: a
@@@@: testcopy

# ls {ex1,ex2}.sh
ex1.sh  ex2.sh
# ls {ex{1..3},ex4}.sh
ex1.sh  ex2.sh  ex3.sh  ex4.sh
# ls {ex[1-3],ex4}.sh
ex1.sh  ex2.sh  ex3.sh  ex4.shcopy

${var:-string}
${var:+string}
${var:=string}
${var:?string}copy

default_name="Guest"
unset name  # 确保 name 未定义

# 如果 name 为空，则使用 default_name 的值
echo "Hello, ${name:-$default_name}"  # 输出: Hello, Guestcopy

# 是去掉左边(在键盘上#在$之左边)
% 是去掉右边(在键盘上%在$之右边)copy

${var%pattern}
${var%%pattern
${var#pattern}
${var##pattern}copy

# var=testcase
# echo $var
testcase
# echo ${var%s*e}
testca
# echo $var
testcase
# echo ${var%%s*e}
te
# echo ${var#?e}
stcase
# echo ${var##?e}
stcase
# echo ${var##*e}

# echo ${var##*s}
e
# echo ${var##test}
casecopy

${var:num}
${var:num1:num2}
${var/pattern/pattern}
${var//pattern/pattern}copy

[root@centos ~]# var=/home/centos
[root@centos ~]# echo $var
/home/centos
[root@centos ~]# echo ${var:5}
/centos
[root@centos ~]# echo ${var: -6}
centos
[root@centos ~]# echo ${var:(-6)}
centos
[root@centos ~]# echo ${var:1:4}
home
[root@centos ~]# echo ${var/o/h}
/hhme/centos
[root@centos ~]# echo ${var//o/h}
/hhme/centhscopy

type [

[ is a shell builtincopy

if ($i<5)
if [ $i -lt 5 ]
if [ $a -ne 1 -a $a != 2 ]
if [ $a -ne 1] && [ $a != 2 ]
if [[ $a != 1 && $a != 2 ]]

for i in $(seq 0 4);do echo $i;done
for i in \`seq 0 4\`;do echo $i;done
for ((i=0;i<5;i++));do echo $i;done
for i in {0..4};do echo $i;donecopy

[[ "hello" =~ ^h ]]   # 正则匹配（返回 true）copy

# [ ] 必须加引号
[ "$name" = "Alice" ] && echo "Hello Alice"

# [[ ]] 更灵活
[[ $name == A* ]] && echo "Name starts with A"copy

# [ ] 和 [[ ]] 均可，但后者更安全
[ -f "/path/$file" ] && echo "File exists"
[[ -f /path/$file ]] && echo "File exists"copy

# [ ] 用 -a/-o
[ "$age" -gt 18 -a "$age" -lt 60 ] && echo "Valid age"

# [[ ]] 用 &&/||
[[ $age -gt 18 && $age -lt 60 ]] && echo "Valid age"copy

var=$((expression))copy

#!/bin/bash

var=\`df -h | grep tmpfs\`
echo $varcopy

repo=~"/projects/repo1"  # 或直接写 ~/projects/repo1（不加引号）
cd "$repo"               # 此时 $repo 已是展开后的绝对路径copy

#!/bin/bash

# 显式展开家目录
HOME_DIR=$(eval echo "~")  # 或直接写 HOME_DIR="$HOME"

repos=(
    "$HOME_DIR/projects/repo1"
    "$HOME_DIR/work/repo2"
)copy

name="Alice"

echo "Hello, $name"   # 输出: Hello, Alice
echo 'Hello, $name'   # 输出: Hello, $namecopy

echo "Today is $(date)"  # 输出: Today is Mon Jul 1 12:00:00 UTC 2024
echo 'Today is $(date)'  # 输出: Today is $(date)copy

echo "Path is \$HOME"    # 输出: Path is $HOME（\$ 被转义）
echo 'Path is \$HOME'    # 输出: Path is \$HOME（完全字面）copy

echo "She said: 'Hello!'"   # 输出: She said: 'Hello!'
echo 'He said: "Hi!"'       # 输出: He said: "Hi!"copy

alias rm='rm -i'          # 单引号内定义别名（避免变量提前展开）
echo "It's a sunny day."  # 双引号内嵌套单引号（无需转义）copy

echo "Line 1\nLine 2"     # 输出: Line 1\nLine 2（\n 未被转义为换行）
echo -e "Line 1\nLine 2"  # 输出两行（-e 启用转义）
echo 'Line 1\nLine 2'     # 输出: Line 1\nLine 2（完全字面）copy

echo "input a"
read a
echo "input b"
read b

read -n 3 -t 5 -s -p "input 3 charater, wait for 5 seconds, silent" c
echo "$c"

printf "a=%s,b=%s,sum is %s" $a $b $((a + b))copy

#!/bin/bash

for x in $@
do
    echo "Entered arg is $x"
donecopy

#!/bin/bash

LINE=1

while read -r CURRENT_LINE
    do
        echo "$LINE: $CURRENT_LINE"
    ((LINE++))
done < "sample_file.txt"copy

# 将标准错误重定向到文件描述符3，再重定向到文件
exec 3>&1  # 备份标准输出到3
cmd 2>&1 >output.log | tee -a error.log  # 错误流单独处理
exec 1>&3  # 恢复标准输出copy

# 静默执行命令（忽略所有输出）
cmd > /dev/null 2>&1copy

# 将 file.txt 的内容作为 wc 命令的输入
wc -l < file.txtcopy

command << DELIMITER
多行文本...
DELIMITERcopy

# 将多行文本传递给 cat 命令
cat << EOF
第一行
第二行
变量值: $HOME
EOFcopy

第一行
第二行
变量值: /home/usernamecopy

# 将字符串传递给 grep 命令
grep "hello" <<< "hello world"copy

# 从配置文件读取输入
while read line; do
    echo "配置行: $line"
done < config.txtcopy

# 生成多行配置文件
cat > app.conf << EOF
server_ip=192.168.1.1
port=8080
EOFcopy

# 快速检查字符串是否包含子串
grep "error" <<< "$log_content"copy

# 从input.txt读取，结果写入output.txt
command < input.txt > output.txtcopy

# 标准输出到out.log，错误到err.log
command > out.log 2> err.logcopy

# 方式1（推荐）
command &> combined.log

# 方式2（传统写法）
command > combined.log 2>&1copy

# 比较两个目录的文件列表差异
diff <(ls /path/to/dir1) <(ls /path/to/dir2)

# 将输出同时写入文件和压缩
echo "data" | tee >(gzip > output.gz) > original.txtcopy

#!/bin/bash
exec 3>&1  # 备份标准输出到描述符3
exec > >(tee -a stdout.log) 2> >(tee -a stderr.log >&2)  # 分离输出和错误

echo "正常消息"  # 写入stdout.log
ls /nonexistent  # 错误写入stderr.log

exec 1>&3  # 恢复标准输出
echo "回到终端显示"copy

{
    echo "标准输出1"
    echo "标准错误1" >&2
    echo "标准输出2"
    echo "标准错误2" >&2
} > >(grep "标准输出" > out.txt) 2> >(grep "标准错误" > err.txt)copy

if [ ... ]
then
  # if-code
else
  # else-code
ficopy

if [ ... ] ; then
  # if-code
else
  # else-code
ficopy

#!/bin/sh
if [ "$X" -lt "0" ]
then
  echo "X is less than zero"
fi
if [ "$X" -gt "0" ]; then
  echo "X is more than zero"
fi
[ "$X" -le "0" ] && \
      echo "X is less than or equal to  zero"
[ "$X" -ge "0" ] && \
      echo "X is more than or equal to zero"
[ "$X" = "0" ] && \
      echo "X is the string or number \"0\""
[ "$X" = "hello" ] && \
      echo "X matches the string \"hello\""
[ "$X" != "hello" ] && \
      echo "X is not the string \"hello\""
[ -n "$X" ] && \
      echo "X is of nonzero length"
[ -f "$X" ] && \
      echo "X is the path of a real file" || \
      echo "No such file: $X"
[ -x "$X" ] && \
      echo "X is the path of an executable file"
[ "$X" -nt "/etc/passwd" ] && \
      echo "X is a file which is newer than /etc/passwd"


read a
read b
read c

if [ $a == $b -a $b == $c -a $a == $c ] # -a means
then
echo EQUILATERAL

elif [ $a == $b -o $b == $c -o $a == $c ] # -o means or
then
echo ISOSCELES
else
echo SCALENE

ficopy

for i in {1..5}
do
    echo $i
done

for X in cyan magenta yellow
do
    echo $X
donecopy

i=1
while [[ $i -le 10 ]] ; do
   echo "$i"
  (( i += 1 ))
donecopy

# 定义数组（空格分隔元素，可含特殊字符）
fruits=("Apple" "Banana" "Orange" "Grape" "Watermelon")
for fruit in "${fruits[@]}"; do
    echo "Fruit: $fruit"
done
for i in "${!fruits[@]}"; do
    echo "Index $i: ${fruits[i]}"
donecopy

# 定义仓库目录列表（支持绝对路径或相对路径）
repos=(
    "/path/to/repo1"
    "/path/to/repo2"
    "/path/to/repo3"
    "/path/to/repo4"
)

# 遍历所有仓库
for i in "${repos[@]}"; do
    echo "Updating repo: $i"
    cd "$i" || { echo "Failed to enter $i"; continue; }

    # 执行 git pull
    git pull origin main  # 假设分支是 main，根据实际情况修改

    # 检查 git pull 是否成功
    if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
        echo "Successfully updated: $i"
    else
        echo "Failed to update: $i"
    fi

    echo "----------------------------------"
done

echo "All repositories updated!"copy

#!/bin/sh
docs="Usage: \
\n\tbash $0 [options] \
\nOptions: \
\n\t-N NAME: your name, required\
\n\t-a AGE: your age, required\
\n\t-v: verbose mode, optional\
\nExample: \
\n\t bash $0 -N balabala -a 24 "

usage() {
    echo -e $docs >&2
    exit 1
}

if [ $# -eq 0 ] || [ $1 == -h ]; then usage; fi

## 设置变量的默认值
verbose=n

## 检查变量参数是否缺失
check() {
    opt=$1
    arg=$2

    if [[ $arg =~ ^- ]] || [ ! $arg ]
    then
        echo "ERROR: -$opt expects an corresponding argument" >&2
        usage
    fi
}

## 循环解析脚本的所有positional parameters
while getopts :vN:a: opt
do
    case $opt in
    v)
        verbose=y
        ;;
    N)
        check N $OPTARG
        name=$OPTARG
        ;;
    a)
        check a $OPTARG
        age=$OPTARG
        ;;
    :)
        echo "ERROR: -$OPTARG expects an corresponding argument" >&2
        usage
        ;;
    \?) # shell里'?'具有匹配一位任意字符的作用，因此需要转义为普通字符
        echo "ERROR: unkown option -$OPTARG" >&2
        usage
        ;;
    esac
done

## 如果用户没有提供-N选项
if [ ! $name ]
then
    echo ERROR: option -N is required >&2
    usage
fi

## 如果用户没有提供-a选项
if [ ! $age ]
then
    echo ERROR: option -a is required >&2
    usage
fi

if [ $verbose == n ]
then
    echo "Merry Christmas! $name"
else
    echo "Hello, your name is $name, you are $age years old!"
    echo "Merry Christmas!!"
ficopy

# Cron job example
* * * * * sh /path/to/script.shcopy

xinput list | grep -i "Touchpad" | awk '{print $6}' | sed 's/[^0-9]//g'copy

Section "InputClass"
        Identifier "MyTouchpad"
        MatchIsTouchpad "on"
        Driver "libinput"
        Option "Tapping" "on"
EndSectioncopy

⎡ Virtual core pointer                    	id=2	[master pointer  (3)]
⎜   ↳ Virtual core XTEST pointer              	id=4	[slave  pointer  (2)]
⎜   ↳ GXTP7863:00 27C6:01E0 Mouse             	id=11	[slave  pointer  (2)]
⎜   ↳ GXTP7863:00 27C6:01E0 Touchpad          	id=12	[slave  pointer  (2)]
⎜   ↳ HS6209 2.4G Wireless Receiver Keyboard  	id=9	[slave  pointer  (2)]
⎜   ↳ HS6209 2.4G Wireless Receiver Mouse     	id=10	[slave  pointer  (2)]
⎣ Virtual core keyboard                   	id=3	[master keyboard (2)]
    ↳ Virtual core XTEST keyboard             	id=5	[slave  keyboard (3)]
    ↳ Video Bus                               	id=6	[slave  keyboard (3)]
    ↳ Power Button                            	id=7	[slave  keyboard (3)]
    ↳ Huawei WMI hotkeys                      	id=13	[slave  keyboard (3)]
    ↳ AT Translated Set 2 keyboard            	id=14	[slave  keyboard (3)]copy

$ xinput list

⎡ Virtual core pointer                    	id=2	[master pointer  (3)]
⎜   ↳ Virtual core XTEST pointer              	id=4	[slave  pointer  (2)]
⎜   ↳ GXTP7863:00 27C6:01E0                   	id=10	[slave  pointer  (2)]
⎜   ↳ GXTP7863:00 27C6:01E0                   	id=11	[slave  pointer  (2)]
⎣ Virtual core keyboard                   	id=3	[master keyboard (2)]
    ↳ Virtual core XTEST keyboard             	id=5	[slave  keyboard (3)]
    ↳ Video Bus                               	id=6	[slave  keyboard (3)]
    ↳ Power Button                            	id=7	[slave  keyboard (3)]
    ↳ Huawei WMI hotkeys                      	id=12	[slave  keyboard (3)]
    ↳ AT Translated Set 2 keyboard            	id=13	[slave  keyboard (3)]copy

  caps                 Caps Lock behavior
  caps:internal        Caps Lock uses internal capitalization; Shift "pauses" Caps Lock
  caps:internal_nocancel Caps Lock uses internal capitalization; Shift does not affect Caps Lock
  caps:shift           Caps Lock acts as Shift with locking; Shift "pauses" Caps Lock
  caps:shift_nocancel  Caps Lock acts as Shift with locking; Shift does not affect Caps Lock
  caps:capslock        Caps Lock toggles normal capitalization of alphabetic characters
  caps:shiftlock       Caps Lock toggles Shift Lock (affects all keys)
  caps:swapescape      Swap Esc and Caps Lock
  caps:escape          Make Caps Lock an additional Esc
  caps:escape_shifted_capslock Make Caps Lock an additional Esc, but Shift + Caps Lock is the regular Caps Lock
  caps:backspace       Make Caps Lock an additional Backspace
  caps:return          Make Caps Lock an additional Return key
  caps:super           Make Caps Lock an additional Super
  caps:hyper           Make Caps Lock an additional Hyper
  caps:menu            Make Caps Lock an additional Menu key
  caps:numlock         Make Caps Lock an additional Num Lock
  caps:ctrl_shifted_capslock Make Caps Lock an additional Ctrl and Shift + Caps Lock the regular Caps Lock
  caps:ctrl_modifier   Make Caps Lock act as an additional Ctrl modifier, but keep identifying as Caps Lock
  caps:digits_row      Caps Lock gives digits on the digits row (Azerty layouts)
  caps:digits_row_independent_lock Shift + Caps locks the digits on the digits row, Caps Lock alone behaves as usual (Azerty layouts)
  caps:none            Caps Lock is disabled

  ctrl                 Ctrl position
  ctrl:nocaps          Caps Lock as Ctrl
  ctrl:lctrl_meta      Left Ctrl as Meta
  ctrl:swapcaps        Swap Ctrl and Caps Lock
  ctrl:grouptoggle_capscontrol Caps Lock as Ctrl,  Left Control switches to another layout
  ctrl:hyper_capscontrol Caps Lock as Ctrl, Ctrl as Hyper
  ctrl:ac_ctrl         To the left of "A"
  ctrl:aa_ctrl         At the bottom left
  ctrl:rctrl_ralt      Right Ctrl as Right Alt
  ctrl:ralt_rctrl      Right Alt as Right Control
  ctrl:menu_rctrl      Menu as Right Ctrl
  ctrl:swap_lalt_lctl  Swap Left Alt with Left Ctrl
  ctrl:swap_ralt_rctl  Swap Right Alt with Right Ctrl
  ctrl:swap_lwin_lctl  Swap Left Win with Left Ctrl
  ctrl:swap_rwin_rctl  Swap Right Win with Right Ctrl
  ctrl:swap_lalt_lctl_lwin Left Alt as Ctrl, Left Ctrl as Win, Left Win as Left Altcopy

XMODMAP(1)                  General Commands Manual                  XMODMAP(1)

NAME
       xmodmap - utility for modifying keymaps and pointer button mappings in X

SYNOPSIS
       xmodmap [-options ...] [filename]

DESCRIPTION
       The  xmodmap  program  is used to edit and display the keyboard modifier
       map and keymap table that are used by  client  applications  to  convert
       event  keycodes into keysyms.  It is usually run from the user's session
       startup script to configure the keyboard according to personal tastes.

OPTIONS
       The following options may be used with xmodmap:

       -display display
               This option specifies the host and display to use.

       -help   This option indicates that a brief description  of  the  command
               line  arguments should be printed on the standard error channel.
               This will be done whenever an unhandled  argument  is  given  to
               xmodmap.

       -grammar
               This option indicates that a help message describing the expres‐
               sion  grammar  used  in  files and with -e expressions should be
               printed on the standard error.

       -version
               This option indicates that xmodmap should print its version  in‐
               formation and exit.

       -verbose
               This option indicates that xmodmap should print logging informa‐
               tion as it parses its input.

       -quiet  This option turns off the verbose logging.  This is the default.

       -n      This  option  indicates  that xmodmap should not change the map‐
               pings, but should display what it would do,  like  make(1)  does
               when given this option.

       -e expression
               This  option specifies an expression to be executed.  Any number
               of expressions may be specified from the command line.

       -pm     This option indicates that the current modifier  map  should  be
               printed  on  the  standard output.   This is the default mode of
               operation if no other mode options are specified.

       -pk     This option indicates that the current keymap  table  should  be
               printed on the standard output.

       -pke    This  option  indicates  that the current keymap table should be
               printed on the standard output in the form of  expressions  that
               can be fed back to xmodmap.

       -pp     This  option  indicates  that  the current pointer map should be
               printed on the standard output.

       -       A lone dash means that the standard input should be used as  the
               input file.

       The  filename specifies a file containing xmodmap expressions to be exe‐
       cuted.  This file is usually kept in the user's home  directory  with  a
       name like .xmodmaprc.

EXPRESSION GRAMMAR
       The  xmodmap program reads a list of expressions and parses them all be‐
       fore attempting to execute any of them.  This makes it possible to refer
       to keysyms that are being redefined in a natural way without  having  to
       worry as much about name conflicts.

       The   list   of   keysym   names   may  be  found  in  the  header  file
       <X11/keysymdef.h> (without the XK_ prefix).   Keysyms  matching  Unicode
       characters  may  be  specified  as  "U0020"  to  "U007E"  and "U00A0" to
       "U10FFFF" for all possible Unicode characters.

       keycode NUMBER = KEYSYMNAME ...
               The list of keysyms is assigned to the indicated keycode  (which
               may  be specified in decimal, hex or octal and can be determined
               by running the xev program).  Up to eight  keysyms  may  be  at‐
               tached to a key, however the last four are not used in any major
               X server implementation.  The first keysym is used when no modi‐
               fier  key  is  pressed  in conjunction with this key, the second
               with Shift, the third when the Mode_switch key is used with this
               key and the fourth when both the Mode_switch and Shift keys  are
               used.

       keycode any = KEYSYMNAME ...
               If no existing key has the specified list of keysyms assigned to
               it,  a spare key on the keyboard is selected and the keysyms are
               assigned to it.  The list of keysyms may be specified  in  deci‐
               mal, hex or octal.

       keysym KEYSYMNAME = KEYSYMNAME ...
               The KEYSYMNAME on the left hand side is translated into matching
               keycodes  used  to  perform the corresponding set of keycode ex‐
               pressions.  Note that if the same keysym is  bound  to  multiple
               keys, the expression is executed for each matching keycode.

       clear MODIFIERNAME
               This removes all entries in the modifier map for the given modi‐
               fier,  where  valid  name are: Shift, Lock, Control, Mod1, Mod2,
               Mod3, Mod4, and Mod5 (case does not matter  in  modifier  names,
               although  it  does  matter  for  all other names).  For example,
               ‘‘clear Lock'' will remove all any keys that were bound  to  the
               shift lock modifier.

       add MODIFIERNAME = KEYSYMNAME ...
               This adds all keys containing the given keysyms to the indicated
               modifier  map.   The  keysym names are evaluated after all input
               expressions are read to make it easy  to  write  expressions  to
               swap keys (see the EXAMPLES section).

       remove MODIFIERNAME = KEYSYMNAME ...
               This  removes all keys containing the given keysyms from the in‐
               dicated modifier map.  Unlike add, the keysym names  are  evalu‐
               ated  as  the  line  is read in.  This allows you to remove keys
               from a modifier without having to worry  about  whether  or  not
               they have been reassigned.

       pointer = default
               This sets the pointer map back to its default settings (button 1
               generates a code of 1, button 2 generates a 2, etc.).

       pointer = NUMBER ...
               This sets the pointer map to contain the indicated button codes.
               The  list always starts with the first physical button.  Setting
               a button code to 0 disables events from that button.

       Lines that begin with an exclamation point (!) are taken as comments.

       If you want to change the binding of a modifier key, you must  also  re‐
       move it from the appropriate modifier map.

EXAMPLES
       Many  pointers  are designed such that the first button is pressed using
       the index finger of the right hand.  People  who  are  left-handed  fre‐
       quently  find  that  it  is more comfortable to reverse the button codes
       that get generated so that the primary button is pressed using the index
       finger of the left hand.  This could be done on a 3  button  pointer  as
       follows:
       %  xmodmap -e "pointer = 3 2 1"

       Many  applications  support  the notion of Meta keys (similar to Control
       keys except that Meta is held down instead of Control).   However,  some
       servers  do  not  have a Meta keysym in the default keymap table, so one
       needs to be added by hand.  The following command will  attach  Meta  to
       the  Multi-language  key (sometimes labeled Compose Character).  It also
       takes advantage of the fact that applications that need a Meta key  sim‐
       ply  need  to  get the keycode and don't require the keysym to be in the
       first column of the keymap table.  This means that applications that are
       looking for a Multi_key (including the default modifier map)  won't  no‐
       tice any change.
       %  xmodmap -e "keysym Multi_key = Multi_key Meta_L"

       Similarly, some keyboards have an Alt key but no Meta key.  In that case
       the following may be useful:
       %  xmodmap -e "keysym Alt_L = Meta_L Alt_L"

       One  of  the  more simple, yet convenient, uses of xmodmap is to set the
       keyboard's "rubout" key to generate  an  alternate  keysym.   This  fre‐
       quently involves exchanging Backspace with Delete to be more comfortable
       to the user.  If the ttyModes resource in xterm is set as well, all ter‐
       minal emulator windows will use the same key for erasing characters:
       %  xmodmap -e "keysym BackSpace = Delete"
       %  echo "XTerm*ttyModes:  erase ^?" | xrdb -merge

       Some  keyboards do not automatically generate less than and greater than
       characters when the comma and period keys  are  shifted.   This  can  be
       remedied with xmodmap by resetting the bindings for the comma and period
       with the following scripts:
       !
       ! make shift-, be < and shift-. be >
       !
       keysym comma = comma less
       keysym period = period greater

       One of the more irritating differences between keyboards is the location
       of  the  Control  and CapsLock keys.  A common use of xmodmap is to swap
       these two keys as follows:
       !
       ! Swap Caps_Lock and Control_L
       !
       remove Lock = Caps_Lock
       remove Control = Control_L
       keysym Control_L = Caps_Lock
       keysym Caps_Lock = Control_L
       add Lock = Caps_Lock
       add Control = Control_L

       This example can be run again to swap the keys back  to  their  previous
       assignments.

       The  keycode command is useful for assigning the same keysym to multiple
       keycodes.  Although unportable, it  also  makes  it  possible  to  write
       scripts  that  can  reset  the keyboard to a known state.  The following
       script sets the backspace key  to  generate  Delete  (as  shown  above),
       flushes  all  existing  caps  lock bindings, makes the CapsLock key be a
       control key, make F5 generate Escape, and makes Break/Reset be  a  shift
       lock.
       !
       ! On the HP, the following keycodes have key caps as listed:
       !
       !     101  Backspace
       !      55  Caps
       !      14  Ctrl
       !      15  Break/Reset
       !      86  Stop
       !      89  F5
       !
       keycode 101 = Delete
       keycode 55 = Control_R
       clear Lock
       add Control = Control_R
       keycode 89 = Escape
       keycode 15 = Caps_Lock
       add Lock = Caps_Lock

ENVIRONMENT
       DISPLAY to get default host and display number.

X Version 11                     xmodmap 1.0.11                      XMODMAP(1)copy

$ xmodmap -pm

xmodmap:  up to 4 keys per modifier, (keycodes in parentheses):

shift       Shift_L (0x32),  Shift_R (0x3e)
lock        Caps_Lock (0x42)
control     Control_L (0x25),  Control_R (0x69)
mod1        Alt_L (0x40),  Alt_R (0x6c),  Alt_L (0xcc),  Meta_L (0xcd)
mod2        Num_Lock (0x4d)
mod3        ISO_Level5_Shift (0xcb),  Hyper_L (0xcf)
mod4        Super_L (0x85),  Super_R (0x86),  Super_L (0xce)
mod5        ISO_Level3_Shift (0x5c)copy

$ xmodmap -pke

keycode   8 =
keycode   9 = Escape NoSymbol Escape
keycode  10 = 1 exclam 1 exclam
keycode  11 = 2 at 2 at
keycode  12 = 3 numbersign 3 numbersign
keycode  13 = 4 dollar 4 dollar
keycode  14 = 5 percent 5 percent
keycode  15 = 6 asciicircum 6 asciicircum
keycode  16 = 7 ampersand 7 ampersand
keycode  17 = 8 asterisk 8 asterisk
keycode  18 = 9 parenleft 9 parenleft
keycode  19 = 0 parenright 0 parenright
...
keycode  34 = bracketleft braceleft bracketleft braceleft
keycode  35 = bracketright braceright bracketright braceright
keycode  36 = Return NoSymbol Return
keycode  37 = Control_L NoSymbol Control_L
keycode  38 = a A a A
keycode  39 = s S s S
keycode  40 = d D d D
keycode  41 = f F f F
keycode  42 = g G g G
keycode  43 = h H h H
keycode  67 = F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 XF86Switch_VT_1
keycode  68 = F2 F2 F2 F2 F2 F2 XF86Switch_VT_2
...copy

SETXKBMAP(1)                General Commands Manual                SETXKBMAP(1)

NAME
       setxkbmap - set the keyboard using the X Keyboard Extension

SYNOPSIS
       setxkbmap [ args ] [ layout [ variant [ option ...  ] ] ]

DESCRIPTION
       The  setxkbmap command maps the keyboard to use the layout determined by
       the options specified on the command line.

       An XKB keymap is constructed from a number of components which are  com‐
       piled only as needed.  The source for all of the components can be found
       in /usr/share/X11/xkb.

OPTIONS
       -compat name
               Specifies  the  name  of the compatibility map component used to
               construct a keyboard layout.

       -config file
               Specifies the name of an XKB configuration file which  describes
               the keyboard to be used.

       -device device
               Specifies  the  numeric  device id of the input device to be up‐
               dated with the new keyboard layout. If not specified,  the  core
               keyboard device of the X server is updated.

       -display display
               Specifies  the  display to be updated with the new keyboard lay‐
               out.

       -geometry name
               Specifies the name of the geometry component used to construct a
               keyboard layout.

       -help   Prints a message describing the valid input to setxkbmap.

       -I directory
               Adds a directory to the list of directories to be used to search
               for specified layout or rules files.

       -keycodes name
               Specifies the name of the keycodes component used to construct a
               keyboard layout.

       -keymap name
               Specifies the name of the keymap description used to construct a
               keyboard layout.

       -layout name
               Specifies the name of the layout used to  determine  the  compo‐
               nents which make up the keyboard description. The -layout option
               may  only  be  used once. Multiple layouts can be specified as a
               comma-separated list.

       -model name
               Specifies the name of the keyboard model used to  determine  the
               components  which  make  up  the keyboard description.  Only one
               model may be specified on the command line.

       -option name
               Specifies the name of an  option  to  determine  the  components
               which make up the keyboard description;  multiple options may be
               specified,  one  per  -option flag. Note that setxkbmap adds op‐
               tions specified in the command line to the options that were set
               before (as saved in root window properties). If you want to  re‐
               place  all  previously  specified  options, use the -option flag
               with an empty argument first.

       -print  With this option setxkbmap just prints component names in a for‐
               mat acceptable by xkbcomp (an XKB keymap  compiler)  and  exits.
               The option can be used for tests instead of a verbose option and
               in  cases  when one needs to run both the setxkbmap and the xkb‐
               comp in chain (see below).

       -query  With this option setxkbmap just prints the current rules, model,
               layout, variant, and options, then exits.

       -rules file
               Specifies the name of the rules file used  to  resolve  the  re‐
               quested layout and model to a set of component names.

       -symbols name
               Specifies  the name of the symbols component used to construct a
               keyboard layout.

       -synch  Force synchronization for X requests.

       -types name
               Specifies the name of the types component used  to  construct  a
               keyboard layout.

       -variant name
               Specifies which variant of the keyboard layout should be used to
               determine the components which make up the keyboard description.
               The -variant option may only be used once. Multiple variants can
               be  specified as a comma-separated list and will be matched with
               the layouts specified with -layout.

       -verbose|-v [level]
               Specifies level of verbosity in output messages.   Valid  levels
               range  from 0 (least verbose) to 10 (most verbose).  The default
               verbosity level is 5.  If no level  is  specified,  each  -v  or
               -verbose flag raises the level by 1.

       -version
               Prints the program's version number.

USING WITH xkbcomp
       If you have an Xserver and a client shell running on different computers
       and  some  XKB  configuration files on those machines are different, you
       can get problems specifying a keyboard map by model, layout, and options
       names.  This is because setxkbmap converts its arguments to names of XKB
       configuration files according to files that are on the client-side  com‐
       puter,  then  sends  these file names to the server where xkbcomp has to
       compose a complete keyboard map using files which the server has.   Thus
       if the sets of files differ in some way, the names that setxkbmap gener‐
       ates can be unacceptable on the server side.  You can solve this problem
       by  running  the xkbcomp on the client side too.  With the -print option
       setxkbmap just prints the file names in an  appropriate  format  to  its
       stdout  and this output can be piped directly to the xkbcomp input.  For
       example, the command

       setxkbmap us -print | xkbcomp - $DISPLAY

       makes both steps run on the same (client) machine and loads  a  keyboard
       map into the server.

XWAYLAND
       Xwayland  is  an  X  server  that  uses a Wayland Compositor as backend.
       Xwayland acts as translation layer between the X protocol and  the  Way‐
       land protocol but does not manage the keymaps - these are handled by the
       Wayland Compositor.

       Changing  the  keymap  with  setxkbmap is not supported by Xwayland.  In
       most instances, using setxkbmap on Xwayland is indicative of a bug in  a
       shell script and setxkbmap will print a warning. Use the Wayland Compos‐
       itor's native XKB configuration methods instead.

SEE ALSO
       xkbcomp(1), xkeyboard-config(7)

FILES
       /usr/share/X11/xkb

X Version 11                    setxkbmap 1.3.4                    SETXKBMAP(1)copy

setxkbmap -option ctrl:swapcaps # swap ctrl and caps
setxkbmap -option ctrl:nocapscopy

XCAPE(1)                          xcape Manual                         XCAPE(1)

NAME
       xcape - use a modifier key as another key

SYNOPSIS
       xcape [-d] [-t timeout] [-e map-expression]

DESCRIPTION
       xcape allows a modifier key to be used as another key when it is pressed
       and released on its own. The default behaviour is to generate the Escape
       key in place of Control_L (Left Control).

OPTIONS
       -d     Debug mode.  Will run as a foreground process.

       -t timeout
              Give  a  timeout  in milliseconds.  If you hold a key longer than
              timeout a key event will not be generated.

       -e map-expression
              Use map-expression as the expression(s).

EXPRESSION SYNTAX
       Expression syntax is ´ModKey=Key[|OtherKey]´.  Multiple expressions  can
       be passed, delimited by semi-colons (;).

       A  list  of  keysyms  can  be found in the header file <X11/keysymdef.h>
       (without the XK_ prefix).

       Note that shifted keys must be specified as a shift key followed by  the
       key  to be pressed rather than the actual name of the character. For ex‐
       ample to generate "{" the expression ´ModKey=Shift_L|bracketleft´  could
       be used (assuming that you have a key with ´{´ above ´[´).

       You  can also specify ModKey in decimal (prefix #), octal (#0), or hexa‐
       decimal (#0x). It will be interpreted as a keycode unless no correspond‐
       ing key name is found.

EXAMPLES
       Make Left Shift generate Escape when pressed and released on  it's  own,
       and  Left  Control generate Ctrl-O combination when pressed and released
       on it's own:
              xcape -e 'Shift_L=Escape;Control_L=Control_L|O'

       In conjugation with xmodmap it is possible to make an ordinary  key  act
       as an extra modifier. First map the key to the modifier with xmodmap and
       then the modifier back to the key with xcape. As an example, we can make
       the  space bar work as an additional ctrl key when held with the follow‐
       ing sequence of commands:

       First, map an unused modifier's keysym to  the  spacebar's  keycode  and
       make it a control modifier. It needs to be an existing key so that emacs
       won't spazz out when you press it. Hyper_L is a good candidate.

              spare_modifier="Hyper_L"
              xmodmap -e "keycode 65 = $spare_modifier"
              xmodmap -e "remove mod4 = $spare_modifier"
              # hyper_l is mod4 by default
              xmodmap -e "add Control = $spare_modifier"

       Next,  map  space  to  an unused keycode (to keep it around for xcape to
       use).

              xmodmap -e "keycode any = space"

       Finally use xcape to cause the  space  bar  to  generate  a  space  when
       tapped.

              xcape -e "$spare_modifier=space"copy

xcape -e 'Alt_L=Escape' # Escape when tap, ALt when holdcopy

# I usually use following
setxkbmap -option 'caps:ctrl_modifier' # caps become ctrl
xcape -e 'Caps_Lock=Escape'copy

  Remap keys.
  More information: <https://manned.org/keyd>.

  Start and enable the `keyd` service:

      systemctl enable keyd --now

  Display keypress information:

      sudo keyd monitor

  Reset bindings and reload the configuration files in `/etc/keyd`:

      sudo keyd reload

  List all valid key names:

      keyd list-keys

  Create a temporary binding:

      sudo keyd bind "pressed_key = output_key"copy

useradd -m USERNAME
passwd USERNAMEcopy

useradd -m --btrfs-subvolume-home USERNAMEcopy

usermod -aG wheel USERNAMEcopy

useradd -m -G wheel USERNAMEcopy

EDITOR=nvim visudocopy

# %wheel ALL=(ALL:ALL)copy

# /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist
Server = https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/archlinux/$repo/os/$archcopy

[archlinuxcn]
Server = https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/archlinuxcn/$archcopy

pacman -Sy archlinux-keyring
pacman -Sy archlinuxcn-keyringcopy

pacman -Syyucopy

pacman -S parucopy

paccache -r # 清理缓存,仅包含最近的三个版本
paccache -rk1 # 清理缓存,仅包含最近的1个版本
pacman -Sc # 清理未安装软件包
pacman -Scc # 清理缓存中所有内容
sudo pacman -Rcsn $(pacman -Qdtq -)
journalctl --vacuum-size=50M #限制日志copy

# /etc/iwd/main.conf
[General]
EnableNetworkConfiguration=truecopy

systemctl enable dhcpcdcopy

[device]
wifi.backend=iwdcopy

systemctl mask wpa_supplicant
systemctl enable iwdcopy

sudo pacman -S alsa-ultis pulseaudio pavucontrol
pulseaudio --check
pulseaudio -Dcopy

sudo pacman -S acpilight
sudo gpasswd video -a _username_ # 或者
sudo usermod -aG video _username_copy

sudo systemctl enable bluetooth.service --nowcopy

xinput list | grep -i "Touchpad" | awk '{print $6}' | sed 's/[^0-9]//g'copy

setxkbmap -option ctrl:nocaps &
xcape -e 'Control_L=Return' &
xcape -e 'Alt_L=Escape' &copy

upower -e

/org/freedesktop/UPower/devices/line_power_ACAD
/org/freedesktop/UPower/devices/battery_BAT1
/org/freedesktop/UPower/devices/DisplayDevicecopy

sudo pacman -S mesa lib32-mesa xf86-video-amdgpu vulkan-radeon lib32-vulkan-radeoncopy

id -u
id -gcopy

sudo mkdir /media/gamediskcopy

# /etc/fstab
UUID=38CE9483CE943AD8 /media/gamedisk lowntfs-3g uid=1000,gid=1000,rw,user,exec,umask=000 0 0copy

mkdir -p ~/.steam/steam/steamapps/compatdata
ln -s ~/.steam/steam/steamapps/compatdata /media/gamedisk/Steam/steamapps/copy

[Desktop Entry]
Name=wechat
Name[zh_CN]=微信
Exec=env XMODIFIERS="@im=fcitx" GTK_IM_MODULE="fcitx" QT_IM_MODULE="fcitx" /usr/bin/wechat %U
StartupNotify=true
Terminal=false
Icon=/opt/wechat/icons/wechat.png
Type=Application
Categories=Utility;
Comment=Wechat Desktop
Comment[zh_CN]=微信桌面版copy

iwctl # 进入iwctl
[iwd] help # 查看使用方法
[iwd] station wlan0 connect **SSID** # example
[iwd] exit # 退出iwctlcopy

timedatectl set-ntp true
timedatectl statuscopy

Server = https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/archlinux/$repo/os/$archcopy

fdisk -lcopy

mkfs.btrfs  -L btrfs-arch /dev/nvme0n1p5 # -L means label, can be omittedcopy

mount -o /dev/nvme0n1p3 /mnt # 这条命令将分区挂载到btrfs的顶级子卷，即 / 子卷， id=5
# 通常这些子卷
btrfs subvolume create /mnt/@   # 创建顶级子卷下的 @ 子卷，将作为新linux的 / 目录
btrfs subvolume create /mnt/@home # 创建顶级子卷下的 /@home 子卷，将作为新linux的 用户家目录，即 /home
# 以下可选
btrfs subvolume create /mnt/@log
btrfs subvolume create /mnt/@cache
btrfs subvolume create /mnt/@opt
btrfs subvolume create /mnt/@tmp
btrfs subvolume create /mnt/@rootcopy

btrfs subvolume list /mnt
ID 256 gen 405 parent 5 top level 5 path @
ID 257 gen 409 parent 5 top level 5 path @homecopy

umount /mnt

mount -o noatime,nodiratime,compress=zstd,subvol=@ /dev/nvme0n1p5 /mnt #挂载 @ 子卷到新系统的 / 目录
mkdir -p /mnt/{boot/efi,home,var/{log,cache}} #创建新系统的 /boot/efi、/home、/var/log、/var/cache
mount -o noatime,nodiratime,compress=zstd,subvol=@home -m /dev/nvme0n1p5 /mnt/home # -m 创建挂载的文件夹
# 如果创建了对应子卷，那么
mount -o noatime,nodiratime,compress=zstd,subvol=@log -m /dev/nvme0n1p5 /mnt/var/log
mount -o noatime,nodiratime,compress=zstd,subvol=@cache -m /dev/nvme0n1p5 /mnt/var/cache
mount -o noatime,nodiratime,compress=zstd,subvol=@tmp -m /dev/nvme0n1p5 /mnt/tmp
mount -o noatime,nodiratime,compress=zstd,subvol=@opt -m /dev/nvme0n1p5 /mnt/opt
mount -o noatime,nodiratime,compress=zstd,subvol=@root -m /dev/nvme0n1p5 /mnt/rootcopy

findmnt -nt btrfscopy

mount /dev/nvme0n1p1 /mnt/boot/eficopy

mkdir -p /mnt/efi
mount /dev/nvme0n1p1 /mnt/boot/eficopy

chattr +C /mnt/tmp
chattr +C /mnt/var/cache
chattr +C /mnt/var/logcopy

pacstrap -K -M /mnt base base-devel linux linux-headers btrfs-progs iwd neovim git
sudo grub os-prober efibootmgr amd-ucode dhcpcdcopy

genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstabcopy

arch-chroot /mntcopy

grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot/efi --bootloader-id=arch --recheckcopy

grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfgcopy

passwd rootcopy

ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Region/City /etc/localtime #替换Region/City为你所在区域，例如Asia/Shanghai
hwclock --systohc # 同步硬件时钟
timedatectl set-ntp true
timedatectl set-local-rtc true #同步双系统时间
echo "en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8" >> /etc/locale.gen
locale-gen
echo "LANG=en_US.UTF-8" > /etc/locale.conf #或者编辑文件，取消注释
systemctl enable NetworkManager.service # 启动网络服务
hostnamectl set-hostname <yourhostname> # 设置主机名copy

echo "LC_TIME=C.UTF-8" >> /etc/locale.conf # >> 表示追加。copy

# /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1   localhost
::1         localhost
127.0.1.1   <yourhostname>.localdomain    <yourhostname>copy

exit #退出chroot
umount /mnt/boot/efi
umount /mnt/home
umount /mnt
rebootcopy

BTRFS(8)                             BTRFS                             BTRFS(8)

NAME
       btrfs - a toolbox to manage btrfs filesystems

SYNOPSIS
       btrfs [global options] <group> [<group>...] <command> [options] [<args>]

DESCRIPTION
       The  btrfs  utility  is a toolbox for managing btrfs filesystems.  There
       are command groups to work with subvolumes, devices, for whole  filesys‐
       tem or other specific actions. See section COMMANDS.

       There  are also standalone tools for some tasks like btrfs-convert(8) or
       btrfstune(8) that were separate historically and/or haven't been  merged
       to the main utility. See section STANDALONE TOOLS for more details.

       For  other topics (mount options, etc) please refer to the separate man‐
       ual page btrfs(5).

COMMAND SYNTAX
       Any command name can be shortened so long as the shortened form is unam‐
       biguous, however, it  is  recommended  to  use  full  command  names  in
       scripts.  All command groups have their manual page named btrfs-<group>.

       For example: it is possible to run btrfs sub snaps instead of btrfs sub‐
       volume snapshot.  But btrfs file s is not allowed, because file s may be
       interpreted both as filesystem show and as filesystem sync.

       If  the  command  name  is ambiguous, the list of conflicting options is
       printed.

       Sizes, both upon input and output, can be  expressed  in  either  SI  or
       IEC-I  units  (see  numfmt(1))  with the suffix B appended.  All numbers
       will be formatted according to the rules of the C locale  (ignoring  the
       shell locale, see locale(7)).

       For  an  overview  of  a given command use btrfs command --help or btrfs
       [command...] help --full to print all available  options  for  all  com‐
       mands.

       There  are  global  options  that are passed between btrfs and the group
       name and affect behaviour not specific to the command, e.g. verbosity or
       the type of the output:

          btrfs -q subvolume create ...
          btrfs --dry-run subvolume create ...

       --format <format>
              if supported by the command, print subcommand output in that for‐
              mat (text, json)

       -v|--verbose
              increase verbosity of the subcommand

       -q|--quiet
              print only errors

       --log <level>
              set log level (default, info, verbose, debug, quiet)

       The remaining options are relevant only for the main tool:

       --help print condensed help for all subcommands

       --version
              print version string

COMMANDS
       balance
              Balance btrfs filesystem chunks across single or several devices.
              See btrfs-balance(8) for details.

       check  Do off-line check on a btrfs filesystem.  See btrfs-check(8)  for
              details.

       device Manage devices managed by btrfs, including add/delete/scan and so
              on.  See btrfs-device(8) for details.

       filesystem
              Manage  a  btrfs  filesystem, including label setting/sync and so
              on.  See btrfs-filesystem(8) for details.

       inspect-internal
              Debug       tools       for       developers/hackers.         See
              btrfs-inspect-internal(8) for details.

       property
              Get/set a property from/to a btrfs object.  See btrfs-property(8)
              for details.

       qgroup Manage   quota   group(qgroup)   for   btrfs   filesystem.    See
              btrfs-qgroup(8) for details.

       quota  Manage quota on btrfs filesystem like  enabling/rescan  and  etc.
              See btrfs-quota(8) and btrfs-qgroup(8) for details.

       receive
              Receive  subvolume data from stdin/file for restore and etc.  See
              btrfs-receive(8) for details.

       replace
              Replace btrfs devices.  See btrfs-replace(8) for details.

       rescue Try to rescue damaged btrfs filesystem.  See btrfs-rescue(8)  for
              details.

       restore
              Try  to  restore  files  from  a  damaged  btrfs filesystem.  See
              btrfs-restore(8) for details.

       scrub  Scrub a btrfs filesystem.  See btrfs-scrub(8) for details.

       send   Send subvolume data to  stdout/file  for  backup  and  etc.   See
              btrfs-send(8) for details.

       subvolume
              Create/delete/list/manage       btrfs       subvolume.        See
              btrfs-subvolume(8) for details.

STANDALONE TOOLS
       New functionality could be provided using  a  standalone  tool.  If  the
       functionality  proves to be useful, then the standalone tool is declared
       obsolete and its functionality is copied  to  the  main  tool.  Obsolete
       tools are removed after a long (years) depreciation period.

       Tools that are still in active use without an equivalent in btrfs:

       btrfs-convert
              in-place conversion from ext2/3/4 filesystems to btrfs

       btrfstune
              tweak some filesystem properties on a unmounted filesystem

       btrfs-select-super
              rescue tool to overwrite primary superblock from a spare copy

       btrfs-find-root
              rescue helper to find tree roots in a filesystem

       For  space-constrained environments, it's possible to build a single bi‐
       nary with functionality of several standalone tools. This  is  following
       the  concept  of  busybox where the file name selects the functionality.
       This works for symlinks or hardlinks. The full list can be  obtained  by
       btrfs help --box.

EXIT STATUS
       btrfs returns a zero exit status if it succeeds. Non zero is returned in
       case of failure.

AVAILABILITY
       btrfs  is  part  of btrfs-progs.  Please refer to the documentation at ‐
       https://btrfs.readthedocs.io.

SEE ALSO
       btrfs(5),    btrfs-balance(8),     btrfs-check(8),     btrfs-convert(8),
       btrfs-device(8),     btrfs-filesystem(8),     btrfs-inspect-internal(8),
       btrfs-property(8),  btrfs-qgroup(8),  btrfs-quota(8),  btrfs-receive(8),
       btrfs-replace(8),   btrfs-rescue(8),  btrfs-restore(8),  btrfs-scrub(8),
       btrfs-send(8), btrfs-subvolume(8), btrfstune(8), mkfs.btrfs(8)

6.14                              Mar 27, 2025                         BTRFS(8)copy

ID 257 gen 96108 top level 5 path @home
ID 318 gen 105959 top level 257 path @home/username
ID 268 gen 96108 top level 318 path @home/username/.snapshots
ID 269 gen 96108 top level 268 path @home/username/.snapshots/1/snapshot
ID 258 gen 105883 top level 5 path @root
ID 259 gen 105850 top level 5 path @cache
ID 260 gen 105959 top level 5 path @log
ID 261 gen 105942 top level 5 path @tmp
ID 262 gen 98722 top level 5 path @opt
ID 273 gen 96108 top level 262 path @opt/.snapshots
ID 274 gen 96108 top level 258 path @root/.snapshots
ID 285 gen 96433 top level 274 path @root/.snapshots/1/snapshot
ID 290 gen 105959 top level 5 path @
ID 519 gen 96445 top level 268 path @home/username/.snapshots/2/snapshot
ID 536 gen 103272 top level 5 path timeshift-btrfs/snapshots/2025-04-21_12-54-20/@
ID 537 gen 104133 top level 5 path timeshift-btrfs/snapshots/2025-04-21_20-12-43/@copy

ID 257 gen 96108 top level 5 path @home
ID 258 gen 105883 top level 5 path @root
ID 259 gen 105850 top level 5 path @cache
ID 260 gen 105930 top level 5 path @log
ID 261 gen 105928 top level 5 path @tmp
ID 262 gen 98722 top level 5 path @opt
ID 290 gen 105929 top level 5 path @copy

sudo snapper -c [name of config] create-config [path-to-subvol]copy

sudo snapper -c root create-config /copy

sudo umount /.snapshots
sudo rm -r /.snapshots
sudo btrfs subvolume delete /.snapshots
sudo mkdir /.snapshots
sudo mount -o subvol=/ /dev/nvme0n1p1 /mnt
sudo btrfs subvolume create /mnt/@snapshotscopy

useradd

Usage: useradd [options] LOGIN
       useradd -D
       useradd -D [options]
Options:
      --btrfs-subvolume-home    use BTRFS subvolume for home directorycopy

sudo mount /dev/nvme0n1p6 /mnt
cd /mnt
sudo mv /mnt/@ /mnt/@.broken
sudo btrfs subvolume snapshot /mnt/@snapshots/{number}/snapshot /mnt/@
sudo btrfs subvolume delete /mnt/@.brokencopy

sudo mount -o subvol=/ /dev/nvme0n1p1 /mnt
sudo btrfs subvolume snapshot /mnt/@ /mnt/@bad
sudo btrfs subvolume delete /mnt/@
sudo btrfs subvolume snapshot /mnt/@snapshots/要恢复的快照号/snapshot /mnt/@copy

#!/bin/sh
set -e
if [[ x"$1" == x ]]; then
  echo "No snapshot number given." 1>&2
  echo "Usage: rollback [snapshot to rollback]" 1>&2
  exit 1
fi
root_dev=`findmnt -n -o SOURCE / | sed 's/\[.*\]//g'`
root_subvol=`findmnt -n -o SOURCE / | sed 's/.*\[\(.*\)\].*/\1/'`
echo ">= Rollback to #$1 on device $root_dev"
# create snapshot before
sudo snapper create --read-only --type single -d "Before rollback to #$1" --userdata important=yes
sudo mount -o subvol=/ $root_dev /mnt
# check enviornment
if [[ x"$root_subvol" == x/@ ]]; then
  echo "Warning: Not run in a snapshot, a subvolume @old will be created. You should consider remove it after reboot." 1>&2
  if [[ -d /mnt/@old ]]; then
    echo "Found last @old, remove it."
    sudo btrfs subvolume delete /mnt/@old >/dev/null
  fi
  sudo mv /mnt/@ /mnt/@old
else
  sudo btrfs subvolume delete /mnt/@ >/dev/null
fi
sudo btrfs subvolume snapshot /mnt/@snapshots/$1/snapshot /mnt/@ >/dev/null
sudo umount /mntcopy

snapper -c [config] rollback [number]copy

btrfs filesystem du -s /path/to/subvolumecopy